Language+Arts

==﻿ ﻿ ﻿ Notes For "Animal Farm" Research project! :P ==

Karl Marx:
Refrences: [|www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk]
 * Born in Trier, Germany 1818
 * Recieved doctoral thesis at the University of Jena
 * Marx married his girlfriend, Jenny von Westphalen, risking that he may get arrested
 * 1844-Marx wrote [|Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts][[image:http://www.toonpool.com/user/739/files/karl_marx_77395.jpg width="303" height="203" align="right"]]
 * Marx also visited [|London]- met the [|Chartist] leader, [|George Julian Harney]
 * Karl Marx eventually returned to Brussels- finished book, [|The German Ideology]
 * January 1846 Marx set up a Communist Correspondence Committee in London
 * Returned to Brussels again- finished [|The Communist Manifesto]
 * [|The Communist Manifesto] published- February 1848
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Following the publication of [|The Communist Manifesto], Marx was expelled by the government in Belguim
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">May 9th, 1849, Marx received news he was to be expelled from the country
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">George Ripley, commissioned Marx to write for the New American Cyclopaedia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Published [|A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy] in 1859.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Marx continued to work and in 1867 the first volume of [|Das][|Kapital] was published
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">The formation of the Paris Commune in March 1871; abdication of Louis Napoleon encouraged Marx to continue writing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Jenny Marx died on December 2nd, 1881 (eldest daughter)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Devastated by the death of his eldest daughter in January 1883 from cancer of the bladder, Karl Marx, died two months later on the March 14th, 1883.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Czar Nicolas II:
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">References: [|www.elibrary.bigchalk.com]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">﻿Emperor of Russia from 1894-1917
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Nikilai Aleksandrovich (full name) was born on May 6, 1868 in St. Petersburg, Russia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Part of Romanov dynasty- family who had ruled the country for over 250 years
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, father, held the throne when he was born
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">In 1881, when father gave up throne and became Czar Alexander III, Nicholas became the Czarevich, the son and the emperor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">His father, III, died of kidney disease on October 26, 1894
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">1904- Russia's Pacific Squadron, based in Port Arthur, was attacked by Japan, beginning the Russian/Japanese War
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">January 1905, St. Petersburg workers on strike
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">World War 1 broke out in 1914, when Russia was unprepared
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">1915 Nicolas took full command of the Russian Army
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">There were many fears of Rasputin, a russian monk with a lot of power, but they ended December 17, 1917 when a group of officials and family members assassinated him
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">At one point, Nicolas and his family were placed under house arrest
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Once Czar was in house arrest the Bolsheviks overthrew the government
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">July 17, 1918, Nicholas, his wife, their five children, the physician, and three servants were all killed in the basement of their house.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Josef Stalin:

 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Full name- Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">1912 changed name to the alias "Stalin" meaning "steel"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Born in Gori, a small village in Transcaucasian Georgia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Vissarion Dzhugashvili, his father, was a poor shoemaker and alcholic who beat Stalin often as a boy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">At 7, Stalin was diagnosed with smallpox which scarred him for life
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Father died at age 7
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">He was sent to Orthodox Russian seminary in Tiflis to be taught priesthood. He enjoyed Communism, however, than in theology, and was expelled in 1899 as an agitator
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">He was first arrested in 1902 for his revolutionist activities as an agitator
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">After first arrest he was sent to Siberia, where he escaped from in 1903
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">1902-1913 he was arrested and exiled six times. Escaped five times and was released once
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">March 1917, the revolution led by Alexander Kerensky let go all political prisoners, and Stalin returned to St. Petersburg
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Stalin is mostly responsible for The October Revolution 1917
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">March 5, 1953 Stalin died. Four days after his death, his embalmed body was put alongside that of Lenin in Moscow's Red Square.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 90%;">Leon Trotsky:
> Nov. 7, 1879, Yanovka, Ukraine, Russian Empire—died Aug. 21, 1940 > Siberiain 1898 for his revolutionary activities (eventually was arrested twice) Alexander Kerensky
 * Born
 * He was born into a Russian family who were Jewish farmers at the time.
 * Joined a underground socialist group and was exiled to
 * He escaped Siberia in 1902 with forged passport name “Trotsky”
 * Met Vladimir Lenin in London
 * He returned to St. Petersburg to associate in the Russian Revolution in 1905
 * Arrested for the second time and exiled to Siberia, then escaped to Viennain 1907
 * Worked as a journalist for the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and constantly kept moving from Europeand the U.S.
 * <span style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt; border-left: windowtext 1pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt; color: windowtext; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">[|Russian Revolution of 1917] brought him back to St. Petersburg, where he became a <span style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt; border-left: windowtext 1pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt; color: windowtext; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">[|Bolshevik] and was elected leader of the workers' <span style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt; border-left: windowtext 1pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt; color: windowtext; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">[|soviet]
 * He was the army’s commander from (1918–24)
 * Trotsky highly favored Lenin, but after Lenin’s death he lost support
 * Became overthrown by Josef Stalin in 1924
 * Epelled from the Politburo (1926) and Central Committee (1927)
 * Eventually Trotsky was banished from Russia in 1929
 * After he moved to Turkey, he was soon forced to move around by the Soviet
 * When he reached Mexico he was assassinated by a Spanish communist in 1940
 * Kerensky led the March Revolution and its government
 * March 1917, Kerensky let go all political prisoners
 * Kerensky had great persistence, which changed the provisional government
 * Alexander Kerensky was born in Simbirsk, Russia April 22, 1881
 * He studied law at the University of St. Petersburg
 * Kerensky joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party
 * Then he joined the Russian Labour Party (1912)
 * February 1917 he rejoined the Socialist Revolutionary Party on account of the removal of Nicolas II
 * When the Czar left on the 13th of March George Lvov created a provisional government
 * May 1917 Kerensky became Minister of War and chose General [|Alexei Brusilov] as Commander in Chief for the Russian Army
 * July 8th, 1917- Lvov resigned and Kerensky had power
 * Many men fled from the army resulting in 2,000,000 men had left the army
 * On November 7th, the Bolsheviks were about to take control
 * Later on, Kerensky’s soldiers were defeated by the Bolsheviks in Pulkova
 * After the battle lost, Kerensky retreated underground in Finland until escaping to London in May 1918
 * 1939- Kerensky recommended for the western democracies to go against communism in the Soviet Union and Germany
 * Alexander Kerensky moved to the United States when World War II began
 * He died of cancer in New York on June 11th, 1970

Vladimir Lenin
 * Born April 10, 1870 in Ulianovsk, Russia
 * Created the Bolshevik Party
 * He moved to St. Petersburg in 1893
 * Father was a high official in the czarist educational bureaucracy
 * Older brother, Alexander, was assassinated in 1887
 * Enrolled at Kazan University, but was expelled for participating in a demonstration
 * Received law degree in 1891 [[image:http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/sel0058l.jpg width="210" height="298" align="right" caption="lenin cartoons, lenin cartoon, lenin picture, lenin pictures, lenin image, lenin images, lenin illustration, lenin illustrations "]]
 * Helped crate the Liberation of Labor
 * 1897 Lenin was arrested
 * Met a fellow Marxist in jail and eventually married her in 1898
 * Summer of 1900 he moved to Europe
 * Expressed thoughts about Marxism in the book //What’s To Be Done?// (1902)
 * Lenin’s reaction to the Bolshevik/Menshevik split was discussed in the pamphlet “One Step Forward—Two Steps Back” (1904)
 * Showed militancy anti-Menshevik pamphlet "Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution." (1905)
 * During the war, bolshevism became an independent party while Lenin lived in Switzerland
 * Wrote Imperialism: The Highest State of Capitalism (1916)
 * After October Revolution, Lenin was ruler of Russia
 * 1918-1921: civil war, which the Bolsheviks won
 * His dictatorship can be found in "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (1918)
 * 1921-1923: Impatience is expressed in "On Cooperation," "How We Must Reorganize the Workers and Peasants Inspectorate," and "Better Less but Better."
 * 1918: Lenin was hurt by an assassin
 * May 26, 1922: 1st stroke
 * December 16: 2nd stroke
 * Died at home in Gorki January 21,1924

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gregory Zinoviev (Grigori Zinovyev)

 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Born September 23, 1883 in Ukraine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Worked with Lenin in the Bolshevik Party before Russian Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Was a victim of Josef Stalin’s Great Purge
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He was a Russian Communist politician whose name was involved in a forgery telling Britain's communists to rise, which helped with the labor government in 1924
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He was a Bolshevik
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Was head of Communist International in 1919
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">As an "Old Bolshevik" he seen by Stalin as a threat
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He was accused of the murder of the Bolshevik leader Sergei Kirov in 1934, was tried and then shot

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Lev Kaminev (Lev Kamenev)

 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">﻿Associate of Valdimir Lenin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> Born Lev Borisovich Rozenfeld on July 18, 1883 in Moscow
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Attended University of Moscow's Faculty of Law beginning in 1901
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">In March 1902, he was arrested for working with radicals and his participation in a demonstration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Resulted in expellsion from university
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Met Lenin and Olga Davidovna Bronstein (Trotsky's sister) in London
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Eventually married Olga and had 2 children
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1903- returned to Russia to continue radical activities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Elected as a representative for the Third Russian Social Democratic Party Congress in 1905
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Spring 1908, was arrested for a 2nd time
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Bolshevik leader sent Kaminev to Russia in 1914 to meet Pravda, a Bolshevik newspaper
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">August 1914, arrested for antiwar activities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">2 years in Siberian exile, returned to Russia in 1917
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Kamenev and Stalin take control of Bolshevik movement
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">He rejects Lenin's idea that Russia skip over the capitalist phase of development in Marxism and go starigh to having a socialist society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Only one arrested of the nine members of the party's Central Committee
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Released after a month, when the Bolsheviks seized power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">November 4th, 1917, was forced out of office from the Central Committee
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1922- had an alliance with Stalin and Zinoviev
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">December 1925- Kamenev spoke at the Fourteenth Party Congress
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">April 1926- Kamenev returned to former partner, Trotsky, to try to counter Stalin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1927- He was expelled from the Communist Party, but was readmitted becuase he denounced hos old views
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1932- second expulsion from the party, with exile to the Urals
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Decided to work briefly at the publishing arm of the Academy of Sciences
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1934- assassination of S. M. Kirov, caused a wave of purges to which Kamenev fell victim.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Expelled from the party, but was sentenced to 10 years in prison
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1936- he was released to confess as a terrorist with ``Trotskyite-Zinovievite'' allegiances
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">At Kamenev's trial, him and 15 other Bolshiviks were accused for plotting to murder the Politburo
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Put to death August 25, 1936

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Pravda

 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Pravda- The Russian Communist Party newspaper
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">It's a very important source of information, eduacation, literature and cultural issues, and well-written articles.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Founded in St. Petersburg by Vladimir Lenin in 1912
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">It lost many of its readers in 1991, when the Communist Party fell
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Stopped publication in 1996

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">The Proletariat

 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 90%;">Proletariat- the industrial working class or people without property, followers of Karl Marx.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 90%;">Lower classes were forced to work for a living
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 90%;">Lower class includes: criminals, beggars, and the homeless
 * <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 90%;">Marx assumed that the "dictatorsip of proletariat" was going to weaken the middle class and create a new society without classes

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The KGB

 * Committee For State Security
 * First secret police force founded in 1917[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/180px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png width="153" height="317" align="right" caption="Emblema KGB.svg" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg"]]
 * Was responsible for: detention camps, prisons, and mental institutions
 * 1967-1982: The KGB was run by Yuri Andropov
 * 1982: suceeded and Leonid Brezhnev became general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
 * Fuctioned as the USSR's spy organization
 * Had about 700,000 people employed
 * 1995: Boris Yeltsin, was leader
 * The KGB was reorganized and renamed.
 * Now known as the Federal Security Service (FSB)